A Complete Guide to Water Parameters for Tropical Fish
The invisible world of water chemistry is the single most important factor for a healthy aquarium. Understanding and maintaining stable water parameters is the key to preventing fish stress, disease, and death. This guide will demystify the essential parameters—pH, GH, KH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate—so you can provide the perfect environment for your aquatic pets.
Ideal Ranges by Species
Community Fish (Tetras, Barbs, Guppies)
Most common community fish thrive in a pH range of 6.8-7.8, with soft to moderately hard water. Stability is more important than hitting an exact number.
African Cichlids (Lakes Malawi & Tanganyika)
These fish require hard, alkaline water with a high pH, typically 7.8-8.6, to replicate their natural environment.
South American Cichlids (Discus, Angelfish)
These species prefer soft, acidic water, with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0.
How to Test and Log Results
Invest in a quality liquid test kit, such as the API Freshwater Master Test Kit. They are far more accurate than test strips. Test your water weekly, especially in a new tank. Record your results in a notebook or app to track trends over time. Key tests are Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, and pH.
Quick Fixes for Out-of-Range Values
Ammonia or Nitrite Spikes
This is an emergency! Perform an immediate 50% water change and add a water conditioner that detoxifies ammonia. Investigate the cause—overfeeding, a dead fish, or filter failure.
High Nitrates
Regular weekly water changes of 25-30% are the best way to keep nitrates in check. Live plants also help by consuming nitrates as fertilizer.
pH is Too High or Too Low
Avoid chemical pH adjusters as they can cause dangerous swings. Use natural methods instead. To lower pH, add driftwood or peat moss. To raise pH, use crushed coral or limestone in your filter or substrate.
